Cognitive Neuroscience: Definitions, Themes, and Approaches#01
Introduction
- Cognitive neuroscience – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1. Neuroscience 2. Cognitive science
- Questions? – Why do we remember some events but not others? – How do we understand the minds of others in social interactions? – How do our brains represent different goals when faced with a complex decision?
- Method
- 経頭蓋磁気刺激法 – Wikipedia
- fMRI
- PET
- etc…
Cognitive neuroscience seeks to build on its parent fields by developing new models of cognitive functions that integrate ideas from both neuroscience and cognitive science.
Cognition
Cognition
- Cognition
- a Latin term that means “the faculty of knowing”
set of processes(cognitive functions) that allow humans and animals 1. to perceive external stimuli 2. to extract key information and hold it in memory 3. to generate thoughts and actions that help reach desired goals
- Mind
- the subjective sense of self
- (近年ではCognitive NeuroscienceでもMindの方面にも手を伸ばしている)
- Cognition, Cognitive functions
- to describe the specific sorts of information processing studied by cognitive neuroscientists
Natural philosophy and early psychology
The phenomenology of cognition
- philosophical -> psychopysical (19th)
- intorospection, reasoning -> behavioral observation, experimental manipulation
Pioneer
- Wilhelm Wundt – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ヴィルヘルム・ヴント – Wikipedia
- Hermann von Helmholtz – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ヘルマン・フォン・ヘルムホルツ – Wikipedia
- William James – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ウィリアム・ジェームズ – Wikipedia
なぜCognitive Scienceが科学たり得るか。主観(subjective)ではなく客観(objective)
Behaviorism
Psychology came to be dominated by a new emphasis on highly controlled experiments that matched objective external stimuli to measurable behavior
Behaviorists
- John B. Watson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ジョン・ワトソン (心理学) – Wikipedia
- B. F. Skinner – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – バラス・スキナー – Wikipedia – “operant conditioning”
How changes in stimulus presentation could shape How individuals adapt their behavior to the demants of the environment(Subsequent behavior)
Behaviorists extended or applied basic processes of learing from non-human animals to human
including
- education
- treatment of addiction
- criminal rehabilitation
and grounded Psychology firmly in an objective experimental approach
Behaviorismの限界
The focus of behaviorists on learning from rewards let them to ignore other cognitive functions
- operationism
- Psychological concepts could be discussed only in terms of the experimental manipulations that evoked them
Ignoring complex mental states made experiments more tractable But needlessly reduced the scope of psychology by excluding the study of cognitive functions other than learning
Cognitive science
- in the mid-twentieth century
A confluence of factors revived the legitimacy of psychological research on cognitive functions
One factor: The advent of computational science
Information theory gave new insights into perception, memory, and motor performance
George Miller
- George Armitage Miller – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ジョージ・ミラー – Wikipedia
- Magical number ± 7
- The research focused on basic perceptual tasks (psychophysics) – Psychophysics – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 精神物理学 – Wikipedia
- Memory processes was not a passive representation of sensory stimuli, but an active recoding of the information the stimuli carried
情報処理という観点から認知プロセスをみる
Information theory
Computers provided a new model for mental processes
The metaphor of “mind as computer” became a staple in psychology
Explore more complex aspects of mental life
behaviorism was too simple. Open the Blackbox(Cognitive function)!
- Behaviorism
- Stimulus -> Black box -> Response
- Cognitivism
- Stimulus -> Cognitive functions -> Response
Cognitivism (psychology) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Noam Chomsky
- Noam Chomsky – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ノーム・チョムスキー – Wikipedia – criticize Behaviorism
Cognitive Science unifies research on mental process regardless of
- the specific topic
- experimental approach
- method
- discipline
intersted in
- characterizing the phenomena and behavior associated with specific cognitive functions
- creating cognitive models that describe the underlying psychological processes
Cognitive model
- make some sense of complex cognitive phenomena
- provide insights into the common outcomes
- facilitate generalizations about experimental results
- Cognitive models nealy equal Psychological constructs
- 内部モデル
- brain mappingをしようと思っているわけではない(それを通して人間の認知過程を理解するところに重点を置いている)
- Neuro biology との関連
- 認知過程がprimilyで、あとからbrainとintegrateする試み
Neuroscience
Nervous systems
- Neuroscience
- how the nervous systems of humans and other animals are organized and function
- Galen – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ガレノス – Wikipedia
- Ventricular system – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Pineal gland – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 松果体 – Wikipedia
- 脳室 – 脳科学辞典
Cerebral cortex
Phrenology
- Franz Joseph Gall – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – フランツ・ガル – Wikipedia – Phrenology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 骨相学 – Wikipedia
Phrenology made an important contribution to modern neuroscience: it introduced the idea that different parts of the brain contribute to different sorts of information processing.
phrenology -> localization of function
The identification of neurons
- developed technique – microscopy – cell staining
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – サンティアゴ・ラモン・イ・カハール – Wikipedia – Santiago Ramón y Cajal – Scholarpedia
- The neuron
- a cell body
- an axon
- multiple dendrites
- Neuron – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 神経細胞 – Wikipedia
- action potentials
- Neurotransmitter – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 神経伝達物質 – Wikipedia
synapses
Charles Scott Sherrington – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – チャールズ・シェリントン – Wikipedia – シナプスの命名者
Wilder Penfield – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – ワイルダー・ペンフィールド – Wikipedia – Somatosensory system – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 体性感覚 – Wikipedia
Cognitive Neuroscience: The Neurobiological Approach to Cognition
Cognitive neuroscience
The Intersection of cognitive science and neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience combines all the difficulties of measuring brain function with all the problems of trying to accurately assess cognition and behavior as well as the complexities of trying to link them together.
Cognitive neuroscience’s goal is distinguished from
- chemistry
- physics
- molecular biology – whose boundaries are better defined
Misconception about Cognitive neuroscience research
Misconception: cognitive neuroscience simply maps the brain regions -> Neural correlate
Neural correlate - Neural correlate – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Neural correlates of consciousness – Scholarpedia - Neural correlates of consciousness – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – 意識に相関した脳活動 – Wikipedia - pooneilの脳科学論文コメント: Neural correlate - What is a Neural Correlate of Consciousness? (前半) – y_yossarianの日記 - What is a Neural Correlate of Consciousness? (後半) – y_yossarianの日記
Nonetheless, understanding the neural correlates of a function plays an important role. The ambitions of cognitive neuroscience go beyond creating maps of brain function.
ブレインマップを作るのが目的ではなく、認知過程(cognitive process)がどのように機能しているかに重きを置いている(といってもマッピングが重要じゃないというわけではない)
Cognitive research combines information about brain structure and function to create neurobiologically grounded models of cognition
Indivisual differences
Summary
Cognitive neuroscience seeks to create biologically grounded models of cognitive function
Methods: Convergence and Complementarity
Using multiple methods provides two critical advantages:
- Convergence(収斂性or統合)
- Complementarity(相補性) – 相補性 – Wikipedia
Convergence
- Convergence
- the approach of combining results from multiple experimental paradigms to illuminate a single theoretical concept
Convergenceによってbehaviorithmからshiftできた
Convergence made it possible to demonstrate the existence of internal mental states that could not be measured directly.
別々のstimuliとmethodsでそれぞれ似たような結果がでれば、一つ一つは疑問符がつくようなものでも、合わせて(Convergence)考えれば信頼性の高いものになる。